Debunking misleading graphs effectively: How vocationally educated young adults perceive graphs

Authors Winnifred Wijnker, Peter Burger, Ionica Smeets, Sanne Willems
Published in PLoS One
Publication date 2026
Research groups Human Experience & Media Design, Quality Journalism in Digital Transition
Type Article

Summary

Misleading graphs can give readers a distorted view of the underlying data. We want to know how to most effectively correct misleading graphs and if it matters whether a correction uses the full-design of the original or a clean design with all embellishment and colors removed. We focus on vocationally educated young adults, a group that is vulnerable to misinformation and has so far been underrepresented in research. We use a mixed-method approach with a qualitative think-aloud task (n=10, data collected in April 2023) and a quantitative survey (n=130, data collected between July and October 2023). The think-aloud task showed that vocational students use a combination of calculating and estimating to process graphs, which contradicts existing literature, and that their perception is heavily influenced by context. The survey showed that graph corrections work in reducing misleading effects and also have a learning effect such that students are less misled by new misleading graphs of the same type. There was no difference between full-design and clean design corrections. These results imply that vocationally educated young adults can benefit from seeing corrections of misleading graphs.

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On this publication contributed

  • Winnifred Wijnker
    • Researcher
    • Research groups: Human Experience & Media Design, Quality Journalism in Digital Transition
Language English
Published in PLoS One
Year and volume 21 2
Key words vocational training, young adults, graphs, vocational students
Digital Object Identifier 10.1371/journal.pone.0340100
Page range 1-19