This study aimed to systematically synthesize literature on prognostic factors of changes in either direction (i.e, worsening or improvement) in pain, physical functioning, and participation in patients with knee and/or hip osteoarthritis (OA). Studies included in two preceding reviews underwent full-text screening for inclusion in the current review. Additionally, an extensive literature search was conducted in five databases. Title/abstract screening was performed using an active learning program. Inclusion criteria comprised patients diagnosed with knee and/or hip OA, with the dependent variable assessing pain, physical functioning, or participation. Potential associated prognostic factors were measured as independent variables. The methodologic quality of studies was assessed with the Hayden criteria.
